An Evolving Relationship Between MicroVCs and LPs

This past summer, I wrote some columns on StrictlyVC on the relationship between LPs and VCs, and I realized I never cross-posted them here, so here goes. I reposted them here with subheadings. This may not be of interest to the regular reader, but really intended for venture investors and those who are limited partners in VC funds. Would welcome any feedback or commentary on the notes below, thanks!

Part I: LPs Investing Directly Into Startups

In the few years I’ve been able to meet and learn from limited partners or LPs (those who invest in VC funds), I have noticed an increasing desire to co-invest alongside their general partners. This makes perfect sense. If I was an LP, I’d want to co-invest, as well. Yet, in the process of doing this over the past few years, I’ve found myself repeating some warnings to LPs who have grown eager to do co-invest at the very early stages of seed.

Typically, I cite three key warnings:

One, oftentimes the founders want to meet all potential investors who will be on their cap table. Even though a VC can offer syndication to the founder, that founder may not welcome the introduction and prefer to control the process him/herself. LPs can certainly ask for insight into a GP’s processes, policies, and histories around creating co-investment opportunities, but they cannot be guaranteed. Furthermore, what if a GP has two or three LPs interested in co-investing but there’s room for only one or two. How is the GP supposed to decide?

Two, when there is a real co-investment opportunity for an LP, sometimes the LP doesn’t have the proper resources at hand (domain knowledge, or network, etc.) to independently vet and diligence the specific deal in a few days. If the LP is a family office, they may have enjoy the latitude to quickly stress-test their network and then make a yes/no call; if the LP is a fund of funds managing other institutions’ money, they may have an incentive to seek these types of deals out given their fund economics, regardless of engaging in proper diligence.

And, three, whenever someone is the recipient of an investment opportunity, one should ask: “Why I am so lucky?” In a competitive deal, I often have to fight just to wedge in, and I am not always successful. These are the investments LPs would love to participate in directly as a co-investor, but such opportunities rarely surface. Yes, there are companies that go unnoticed for months or years before breaking out and becoming a sensation, but those aren’t a monthly occurrence.

Again, if I was an LP, I would want to co-invest. After all, LPs are looking for outsize returns, just like the rest of us. More, if an LP doesn’t get in at seed, the bigger VC firms won’t create room for the LP down the road. Still, I’d welcome more conversation and debate around this topic, both from GPs and LPs alike, so that we can all learn more about best practices learned and minefields to avoid. Dangling the opportunity to co-invest may help ink a commitment, but in practice, all that glitters may not be gold.

Part II: The High Cost Of Small Checks

Naively, one of the most profound lessons I had to learn in attempting to raise funds from limited partners is that most institutions prefer to write large checks. By “large,” I mean commitments to VC funds that are equal to at least or oftentimes two to three times more than what a typical decent startup may raise in its lifetime. It is all rational. The time, attention, diligence, legal burdens, and administrative headaches of doling out smaller checks to more funds reduces a larger institutions’ ability to concentrate and, frankly, creates a roster of more egos to manage over a long period of time.

An LP friend and mentor of mine summed it up perfectly to me: “Semil, I like you, but you gotta understand, my friends don’t get out of bed unless they’re writing a $25 million check.”

To those who haven’t raised funds or been around fund formation, it can all seem inefficient. For the rash of micro VC funds that have formed (mine included), we collectively confuse, vex, and overwhelm traditional institutions, including because of our higher pace of investing, heavily reduced levels of ownership, lack of toothy pro-rata rights, and a host of other issues.

Luckily for micro VCs, it doesn’t really take that much money to get going. My first fund was $1 million. It was really hard to raise. Some people have access to wealthy folks, family offices, or corporations, but it isn’t a slam dunk to raise a small fund. The second fund was considerably bigger (relative to the first), yet was still too small for institutions. The third fund will be even bigger — perhaps just at the size where the larger institutions like to build a relationship and track, much like a large VC firm who drops a $100,000 check into a company with the hopes of monitoring its progress.

As other non-traditional LPs (companies, high net-worths, and even funds) have stepped in, it’s created a boon for entrepreneurs. People with the right networks and halfway decent concepts can raise as little as $1 million in a month, even in a category where every early-stage investor knows there are four or five nearly identical competitors working on the same thing. Many of these attempts won’t go on to raise traditional venture capital, and the institutional LPs know that.

So, while there’s a high cost of writing so many small checks, we will have to wait a few years still to see just how costly it is. On the other hand, the cost of starting up may, in fact, decrease during any kind of correction as talent becomes less fragmented and major cost drivers (rent, salaries, benefits) decrease. Founders who are in demand and who are dilution-sensitive may want only specific people on their cap table, and they may want $100,000 to start, not $10 million or even $1 million.

We are a few years away from that, but this is where I see the trend headed — that being nimble enough to be invited to the cap table is what will define individual investors and firms. Those definitions can’t really be bought with money, and that’s what will make the next wave of micro VC investing so interesting — that is the high cost of small checks.

Part III: Stay Small, Or Grow Funds?

The growth in micro VC funds is now well-documented. While there are many reasons to explain why this trend took hold, the more interesting question to ask is: What will happen to those funds which survive?

Grow the Team

A natural desire of any entrepreneurial endeavor — including starting a fund — is to keep growing it. In the context of small funds, traditional LPs will naturally hope this new crop of managers who emerge will grow a franchise, will add people to the team, and ultimately manage more money. Eventually, some of these franchises can grow to manage quite a bit of money per fund per GP and can, in effect, become a new type of Series A firm. This is the theory. It remains to be seen if more than just a few can make this transition, as the models at seed versus Series A are obviously quite different.

Stay the Course as Lone Wolf

While it may sound traditional to turn a good micro VC fund into a more traditional venture franchise, creating a strong general partnership is not a simple, check-the-box activity. Noting the difficulty, some micro VCs have opted to stay as solo operators longer than LPs had imagined. Some, of course, continue to outperform and earn the right to manage more money per fund (if they choose to). In this instance, the LPs aren’t able to invest more and more of their funds into the GP. In the same way a large VC fund may look for opportunities to increase their ownership in a great company in their portfolio in order to make its own economics work, a large LP will often have a similar desire.

Differentiate and Evolve

Just as investors may have “app fatigue” or “food delivery service” fatigue, LPs pitched by micro VC funds have their own flavor of fatigue. As a way to cut through the noise, many of them drill into what differentiates a GP they’re considering an investment in. This can nudge micro VCs to differentiate on the basis of sector (hardware, Bitcoin, etc.), or geography (focusing in emergent areas outside the Valley especially), or stage (pre-seed vs seed, etc.), and more. And the success of Y Combinator and the potential for more steady budgets for an accelerator or incubator could encourage more to let go of the traditional fund model altogether.

I know these choices because I have been faced with them. The LPs rightly ask these questions and conduct references to determine which way the micro VC wants to go. But the truth is that, just like most at seed don’t know how well a company will do at the very early stages, most of them also don’t know what the optimal path to take is. This can lead to an awkward discussion, where LPs may want or need to hear certain things to “check the box” in their processes versus having the raw discussion about what is working and what doesn’t. The truth is that most people don’t know, and in this market, which is changing year to year, the main value in these smaller funds is that their inherent nimbleness by virtue of being small gives them the right level of flexibility to adapt to a dynamic, ever-changing environment.

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My cautionary post-script for any later-stage investor (click here to read it). This applies to traditional VC funds or LPs who like to be on the cap table.